TAE KWON DO
Tae-Kwon-do is the "sport" version of Kempo (Called Hwarang-do or
Hapkido in Korea) as developed by
the Koreans in the 1950's as a fun and powerful sporting martial art, very
similar to Shotokan in Japan. Much as Western Boxing emphasizes punching, TKD
emphasizes kicking, and is taught as a ring-sport with very strict rules as to legal
or allowed techniques and with a referee to score it. It is a great supplement to any serious
martial artist's training to learn TKD, as it will improve stamina and
flexibility and fighting spirit. TKD should not be used alone for self-defense
training, and originally was never intended to. Many of the moves are inappropriate for
real life but instead were designed to develop the students physical skills in general.
Hi kicks and jumping or spinning moves, for example should never be attempted
against an actual real-life opponent. In addition, although most (over 90%) of real self-defense situations involve being
grabbed, no grappling is taught in TKD.
The History of TKD:
General CHOI Hong Hi established the ITF in 1966 whereas the WTF was founded
some 7 years later in 1973. It is not really correct to say that one evolved
from the other though. It was a very political time (as Korea has always been)
and Choi moved the ITF HQ to Canada in 1972. I guess he saw the winds changing,
he had fallen from (political) favor and decided to get out. Today one finds
that Choi's contribution to the establishment of TKD has been written out of the
WTF history books.
Both CHOI and PARK Chung Hee were Generals under President Syngman RHEE and
therefore potential competitors for power. Park became President of South Korea
in1962 after a coup in May, 1961. Choi left Korea in 1962 to become Ambassador
to Malaysia. (He got out with honor whilst his competitor became president).
Park forced many changes to the structure of the various Kwans trying to unify
them under one organization. Further details are given below in an extract from
"A History of TKD" which is stored in the_dojang archives.
Syngman Rhee was replaced by constitutional liberalism in the Second Republic
but instability in the new democracy led to a military coup on the 16th May
1961. General PARK Chung Hee dominated the military junta and terminated
military rule at the end of 1962 to become the president of the Third Republic,
being re-elected in 1967 and 71 until he dissolved the National Assembly and
suspended the constitution in 1972 in the face of growing popular unrest. Park
expanded the powers of the presidency and at the end of 1972 was directly
elected president of the Fourth Republic. Despite great unrest in the Korean
population he was re-elected in December 1978 but less than a year later he was
assassinated by the head of his own Central Intelligence Agency.
Choi had been teaching his martial art to his soldiers throughout his military
career and had become instructor for the American Military Police School in
Seoul as early as 1948. In 1949 he visited Fort Riley in the USA and introduced
the American people to 'Korean Karate'. Given fast promotion within the Korean
Armed Forces, Choi was named Chief of Staff in 1952 as a Brigadier General and a
man of considerable influence in the war time forces of Syngman Rhee.
Immediately after the war he organized the crack 29th Infantry Division which
was to become instrumental in the spreading of Tae Kwon Do throughout the Korean
Military.
Technically, 1955 signaled the beginning of Tae Kwon Do as a formally recognized
art in Korea. During that year a special board comprising master instructors
from various Kwans, historians and prominent leaders of society was formed. A
number of names for the new martial art were submitted but on the 11th April,
the board decided on the name of Tae Kwon Do submitted by General Choi. This
name, meaning 'the way of foot and hand fighting', appealed to the newly
nationalistic Koreans as a totally Korean expression and greatly resembled the
ancient Korean art of Tae Kyon. Thus the name of Tae Kwon Do began to spread
throughout Korea as their own martial art and in a few years it had spread to
many nations across the world.
The unification of the various Kwans was never smooth but by Presidential decree
in 1962 the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association (KTA), with Choi Hong Hi as
president, was declared to be the representative body of the Korean Martial Art
and the body whose black belt qualification would be recognized by the
government. In March 1965, the Soo Bahk Do Association attempted to unite with
the Korea Tae Kwon Do Association but the effort was unsuccessful splitting the
Moo Duk Kwan between the two associations. On the 22nd March 1966, General Choi
formed the International Tae Kwon Do Federation (ITF) after almost a decade of
establishing associations in many countries of South East Asia, Europe and North
America. This period of the 1960s was one of great political unrest both inside
and outside of the martial arts fraternity and the various associations were
told by the government of Park Chung Hee to unify under the banner of the Korea
Tae Kwon Do Association and to come under the auspices of the Korean Athletics
Association on February 23 1963. This was not a totally smooth operation with
some masters, such as Son Duk Sung of the Chung Do Kwan, preferring to leave
Korea altogether. It was also during this period that General Choi Hong Hi,
often known as the 'Father of Tae Kwon Do', started to lose his control of Tae
Kwon Do.
At this point it is interesting to note the historic parallels between CHOI Hong
Hi and PARK Chung Hee who were both Generals under President Syngman RHEE. Rhee
was deposed on the 27th April 1960 by a constitutional democracy that was short
lived. A coup lead by Park on the 16th May 1961 saw Park become President by the
end of 1962. This was the year that Choi left Korea and was "promoted"
to be the Korean Ambassador to Malaysia. Although he briefly returned to Korea
in 1966 to establish the International Tae Kwon Do Federation (ITF) Choi never
gained much political influence in Korea and finally moved the ITF headquarters
to Toronto, Canada, in 1972, the year that Kukkiwon was opened. Choi had done
much to spread Tae Kwon Do throughout the world whilst others were establishing
a stronghold at home.
A History of Tae Kwon Do
by David Jewell
Forms of self-defense are as old as mankind itself, and it would be
impossible to trace hand and foot fighting of today back to any single
beginning. Korea is a country with a much varied history, being at the cross
roads of Asia. She was periodically invaded by the Mongols, the Manchurians, the
Chinese and the Japanese but the indigenous people of what is now known as the
Korean Peninsula hung on to their own identity.
Background
Early history of the Korean Peninsula is a melting pot of tribal warfare and
invasion by the Mongols, the Manchu Ch'ing dynasties and other northern peoples.
This period is, as far as Korea is concerned, chiefly Protohistory, a period
when we have few facts and quite a lot of materials which are often of uncertain
value. Early Chinese records tell us of some tribal groupings such as the Puyo,
the Okcho, the Yemaek and the I-lou. In the spring of 109BC the Chinese began an
invasion of northern Korea and established four commanderies with the hub of
Chinese administration in Korea at Nangnang which endured for 400 years. This
was a period of great Chinese influence on the Korean Peninsula which had the
effect of unifying many of the local tribes. On a tributary to the Yalu river a
group who considered themselves a branch of the Puyo peoples united to form
Koguryo under the rule of King T'aejo (53 - 146AD). Early references to Koguryo
reveal a people who were fierce fighters, and given to warfare. They lived in a
mountainous area ill suited for agriculture and apparently turned their hunting
activities into a professional military way of life.
During the fourth century AD there arose three distinct and strong kingdoms in
Korea, Koguryo in the north with Silla and Paekche in the south. The small Kaya
league nested between the two southern states having strong ties with the Wa
State of Japan. Koguryo was to continue its expansion through an elite military
class called the Kyondang, at the expense of its southern and northern
neighbours until it reached its peak in the 5th Century AD, covering half of the
Korean Peninsula and much of Manchuria. Some tomb paintings indicate a form of
hand and foot fighting from this period separate in style to the Chinese martial
art of kwonbop, introduced around 520AD and made popular in Korea between 1147
and 1170.
The early sixth century saw the introduction of Buddhism to Silla and the
annexation of much of the Kaya States by Silla. Silla then formed an alliance
with the T'ang of China, in order to co-ordinate an invasion of Paekche, the
T'ang from the sea and the Silla forces led by General Kim Yu-sin from the land.
In 661, with Paekche secured, the T'ang/Silla forces set upon Koguryo. In the
following years the T'ang attempted to establish control of Paekche at which
point Silla broke off its alliance and routed the T'ang from the Peninsula. As
the result of a concerted effort in 667, aided by a Koguryo defector named
Namsaeng, Koguryo finally fell to the Silla forces in 668. The unifying of the
Korean peninsula was complete.
A partial answer to Silla's military success was its military institutions.
Growing out of a semi-official body dedicated to the nurturing of talent amongst
upper class young males, there emerged at this time an elite paramilitary youth
Corp. These were known as the Hwarang who had among their ranks the young Kim
Yu-sin, later to become the master swordsman and leading General. The Hwarang
were organized on a clan or village basis with a fixed social structure and were
a firm base for national morality and spirit. They learnt traditional values
through communal life and rites and learnt mutual understanding and friendship
through military arts, poetry and music. During the wars of unification the
Hwarang fought fiercely in the vanguard and, although very young, were leaders
skilled in many of the military ways and in martial arts, such as Wrestling, Soo
Bak-Gi and Taek Kyon (primitive forms of foot fighting adapted from sport). The
martial spirit of the Hwarang and of Silla is revealed in the five precepts for
secular life given to them by the Buddhist monk Won'gwang (d.640AD).
* 1. Serve your lord with loyalty.
* 2. Serve your parents with filial piety.
* 3. Use good faith in your communication with friends.
* 4. Face battle without retreating.
* 5. When taking life, be selective.
What followed was a period of relative peace and the decline of the Hwarang as a
military organization. It became known as a group specializing in poetry, music
and dance for enjoyment and fun. This period also saw the gradual weakening of
the throne of Silla until 936 when Wang Kon, a very strong War-Lord, founded a
new dynasty called Koryo, an abbreviation of Koguryo. It is from this that the
modern name Korea is derived. It was during this time that Soo Bak once again
became popular as a sporting activity and martial art. Koryo tried to repel or
appease invaders until late in the Koryo Dynasty (the 13th Century) it had
become a full-fledged participant in the Mongol adventure of conquest and one
small fragment in the vast Mongol Empire which stretched eastward to the Danube.
Koryo was the launching ground of the Mongols against Japan but their attempts
were thwarted by heavy storms which the Japanese called "divine wind"
(kamikazi). The 14th Century saw the expansion of the Chinese Ming and the
contraction of the Mongol empire and the coming to power in Koryo of Yi Songgye
in 1392 and the replacement of Buddhism by Confucianism as the State Religion. Confucianism
advocated classical Chinese thinking which played down the physical side of life
and replaced it with reading, poetry, music and other classical arts. This
tended to stifle the development of Korean Martial Arts which became almost none
existent.
The Yi Dynasty was to last until 1910, with various Kings introducing many
social and cultural changes. Generally, it was a period of diplomacy more than
continual war with Korea looking for assistance from Japan when threatened from
the north, and looking to China when threatened from the south. Even so, Korea
did spend many decades under the control of foreigners, particularly China. From
the late 17th century through to the early 19th, Korea was known as the
"Hermit Nation" because it turned away foreigners, particularly the
Europeans who were expanding their own empires at this time. Towards the end of
the 19th century Korea set up relations with many Western Nations in an effort
to offset Japanese influence. In 1894 the Tonghak Rebellion brought both
Japanese and Chinese troops onto Korean soil in an effort to protect their
interests and to influence the Korean Monarchy. After the Sino-Japanese war
(1894-95) and the Russo-Japanese war (1904-05) it was obvious that Korea was to
come under Japanese protection. The final Yi Dynasty King was on the throne for
only 24 days when a new treaty with Japan stripped him of all power and thus the
annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 was merely an acknowledgment of what had
already happened. The Japanese were hard task masters and did all they could to
subdue the Korean people, including the banning of the Korean language press and
the compulsory teaching of Japanese in all the schools. Korean culture was
frowned upon and the Korean people were forced into servitude, hiding much of
their culture including their martial arts. When Japan became involved in World
War II many Koreans, particularly those resident in Japan, were forced into the
Japanese military. Towards the end of the war, the Americans invaded Korea to
press back the Japanese but also in an effort to control the post-war occupation
of the Korean Peninsula by the Soviets. In 1948 the Americans and Soviets
proclaimed the division of Korea into the Republic of Korea (South), with
Syngman RHEE as President, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
(North). Both the Soviet controlled North and the American controlled South
claimed the whole of Korea and in 1950 the North Korean military invaded south,
resulting in the 'Korean War' lasting until the 27th July 1953.
Syngman Rhee (b. 26/4/1875 Whanghae - d. 19/7/65 Honolulu) was a very
nationalistic Korean who went to the USA in 1904 to become the first Korean to
obtain a Phd from an American University. After returning to Korea he found that
he could not work under Japanese occupation so returned to the USA in 1912.
Seven years later, in China, he was elected President of the Korean Provisional
Government in exile and held this position for 20 years. During WWII he remained
in the USA establishing his reputation with the Americans which resulted in
Syngman Rhee being set up by the US as the new post war President of the
Republic of Korea. He used strong arm tactics, including assassination of
opponents, to maintain his presidency in elections in 1948,52,56 and 1960. He
maintained dictatorial control over all levels of government until his downfall
shortly after obvious rigging of the 1960 election. Student riots, with heavy
casualties, resulted in a call from the National Assembly for Rhee's
resignation. He resigned on the 27th April 1960 and went into exile in Hawaii
where he died 5 years later. Rhee was replaced by constitutional liberalism in
the Second Republic but instability in the new democracy led to a military coup
on the 16th May 1961. General PARK Chung Hee dominated the military junta and
terminated military rule at the end of 1962 to become the president of the Third
Republic, being re-elected in 1967 and 71 until he dissolved the National
Assembly and suspended the constitution in 1972 in the face of growing popular
unrest. Park expanded the powers of the presidency and at the end of 1972 was
directly elected president of the Fourth Republic. Despite great unrest in the
Korean population he was re-elected in December 1978 but less than a year later
he was assassinated by the head of his own Central Intelligence Agency. In 18
years Park had laid the basics for Korea's economic success through State
planning, capitalist incentives, strict control and the abrogation of labor
rights. His assassination caused another military coup on the 12 December 1979
resulting in the May 1980 domestic uprising in Kwangju. Brutally put down, the
uprising resulted in CHUN Doo Hwan assuming the presidency and the beginning of
the Fifth Republic in October 1980. Chun lifted martial law the following
January and was elected president a month later. For the next four years he ran
a repressive regime until he nominated his successor ROH Tae Woo, a former
General of the 1979 coup. Pressure from Human Rights Activists, the USA, and the
coming 1988 Olympics saw an election being held in December 1987 resulting in
Roh being elected President with only 36% of the vote.
THE KOREAN KWANS
A group of Japanese archaeologist exploring the Tung-hua province of Manchuria
in 1935, discovered 2 tombs that were dated to belong to the Tenth Kingdom of
Koguryo (late 4th century). Murals painted on the ceiling of the Kakchu (Kak-Je)
and Myong-chong temples depict figures in fighting postures. Guarding the Sok
Kul An Buddhist cave Temple is a carved statue of Kumgang Yuksa, a famous
warrior from the reign of King Hye-Gong (742-762) who also appears in a typical
martial art pose. The appearance of these fighters in obvious martial poses
shows that martial arts and fighting techniques go back a long way in Korea, to
even before the known introduction of Kwonbop from China (520AD). These figures
could equally represent open hand techniques of modern Tae Kwon Do or Karate but
are most likely representative of the forebears of many modern Asian fighting
arts. To hold to the view that these figures show that Tae Kwon Do is thousands
of years old is to be compared with saying that English is two thousand years
old, it's just that it used to be called Anglo-Latin. Also, to put things in
further perspective, two small Babylonian works of art dating from between 3000
and 2000BC show two men fighting, one with a typical modern martial art block
but no-one claims that Karate comes from Babylon1.
Although generally banned by the occupying Japanese, the Korean Martial Arts of
Soo Bak, Tae Kyon, Kong Soo and Hwa Soo and others survived by being practiced
in secret, whilst in later years, the Japanese martial arts were often learnt by
Koreans from their invaders. Tae Kyon was secretly practiced and passed onto a
handful of students by men like Han Il Dong and Duk Ki Song. Another student of
the outlawed arts was Hwang Kee, the future founder of Tang Soo Do and the Moo
Duk Kwan (martial arts School). By the age of 22, Kee had become expert in Soo
Bak and Tae Kyon and in 1936 he traveled to Northern China to study the
"T'ang method". He then worked until 1945 to combine the Korean and
Chinese styles into Tang Soo Do (the way of T'ang hand). The original meaning of
the term Karate was "T'ang Hand", Te meaning hand and Kara an ideogram
to describe the Chinese T'ang. In 1936, Okinawian Masters got together at the
behest of a newspaper to change the ideogram Kara to the one meaning
"empty", as it has the same pronunciation2. In the later part of the
Japanese occupation many Koreans went to Japan to further their education and to
learn Martial Arts. One of these was Choi Yong-I, born in Korea in 1923 and
started studying Korean Kempo at the age of nine. He went to Japan in 1938 to
study aviation using the name Masutatsu Oyama but put more of his energies into
the study of Karate to become, many decades later, the founder of Kyokushinkai
Karate. Another Korean, Choi Hong Hi, went to Kyoto, Japan in 1937 to study
calligraphy. Choi had been studying calligraphy and Tae Kyon in Korea under Han
Il Dong and upon arrival in Japan he started to study Shotokan Karate as a
student of a Korean named Kim, and after two years of intensive training he was
presented with a first Dan Black Belt in Shotokan. He then went onto Tokyo
University where he gained his second Dan and became an instructor at the YMCA.
During WW 2, whereas Oyama stayed in Japan, Choi was forced to enlist in the
Japanese army and was posted to Pyongyang in Korea where he became involved in
the Korean Independence Movement, resulting in his imprisonment. Until his
liberation at the end of the war he practiced and developed much of his martial
art, later to be named Tae Kwon Do.
Tang Soo - TAE KYON - Kong Soo
Karate - Kung Fu
Soo Bahk - Hwa Soo
__________________________________________________________
CHUNG DO KWAN - Won Kook Lee - 1945
MOO DUK KWAN - Hwang Kee - 1945
YUN MOO KWAN - Sup Chun Sang - 1945
CHANG MOO KWAN - In Yoon Byung - 1946
CHI DO KWAN - Yon Kue Pyang - 1946
OH DO KWAN - Nam Tae Hi, Choi Hong Hi - 1953/54
JI DO KWAN - Gae Byang Yun - 1953/54
SONG MOO KWAN - Byung Chik Ro - 1953/54
__________________________________________________________
TAE KWON DO
11th April 1955
At the end of World War II and the liberation of the Southern end of
the Korean Peninsula by the American Forces a number of Martial Art Schools
sprouted like bamboo shoots after rain. These Kwan were established by masters
of Korean and foreign martial arts, the biggest being the civilian school of
Chung Do Kwan in Seoul, established by Won Kook Lee whilst Hwang Kee formed the
Moo Duk Kwan towards the end of 1945. One of the Korean styles was known as Tang
Soo ("Chinese Hand" after the Chinese Tang Dynasty) and in 1953 the
Korea Tang Soo Association was formed but later replaced in 1960 by the more
Korean name of the Soo Bahk Do Association. Also formed in 1953 was the Oh Do
Kwan. Established by Choi Hong Hi and Nam Tae Hi this school was established
within the military and was for military personnel only although it had strong
links with the civilian Chung Do Kwan which Choi later commanded in 1954.
Choi had been teaching his martial art to his soldiers throughout his military
career and had become instructor for the American Military Police School in
Seoul as early as 1948. In 1949 he visited Fort Riley in the USA and introduced
the American people to 'Korean Karate'. Given fast promotion within the Korean
Armed Forces, Choi was named Chief of Staff in 1952 as a Brigadier General and a
man of considerable influence in the war time forces of Syngman Rhee.
Immediately after the war he organized the crack 29th Infantry Division which
was to become instrumental in the spreading of Tae Kwon Do throughout the Korean
Military.
Technically, 1955 signaled the beginning of Tae Kwon Do as a formally recognized
art in Korea. During that year a special board comprising master instructors
from various Kwans, historians and prominent leaders of society was formed. A
number of names for the new martial art were submitted but on the 11th April,
the board decided on the name of Tae Kwon Do submitted by General Choi. This
name, meaning 'the way of foot and hand fighting', appealed to the newly
nationalistic Koreans as a totally Korean expression and greatly resembled the
ancient Korean art of Tae Kyon. Thus the name of Tae Kwon Do began to spread
throughout Korea as their own martial art and in a few years it had spread to
many nations across the world.
At this stage various Associations began to arise, the Korea Tae Kwon Do
Association (1959), the Korea Soo Bahk Do Association (1960) replacing the
earlier Korea Tang Soo Do Association, and the Korea Tae Soo Do Association
(1961). The unification of the various Kwans was never smooth but by
Presidential decree in 1962 the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association (KTA), with Choi
Hong Hi as president, was declared to be the representative body of the Korean
Martial Art and the body whose black belt qualification would be recognized by
the government. In March 1965, the Soo Bahk Do Association attempted to unite
with the Korea Tae Kwon Do Association but the effort was unsuccessful splitting
the Moo Duk Kwan between the two associations. On the 22nd March 1966, General
Choi formed the International Tae Kwon Do Federation (ITF) after almost a decade
of establishing associations in many countries of South East Asia, Europe and
North America. This period of the 1960s was one of great political unrest both
inside and outside of the martial arts fraternity and the various associations
were told by the government of Park Chung Hee to unify under the banner of the
Korea Tae Kwon Do Association and to come under the auspices of the Korean
Athletics Association on February 23 1963. This was not a totally smooth
operation with some masters, such as Son Duk Sung of the Chung Do Kwan,
preferring to leave Korea altogether. It was also during this period that
General Choi Hong Hi, often known as the 'Father of Tae Kwon Do', started to
lose his control of Tae Kwon Do.
At this point it is interesting to note the historic parallels between CHOI Hong
Hi and PARK Chung Hee who were both Generals under President Syngman RHEE. Rhee
was deposed on the 27th April 1960 by a constitutional democracy that was short
lived. A coup lead by Park on the 16th May 1961 saw Park become President by the
end of 1962. This was the year that Choi left Korea and was "promoted"
to be the Korean Ambassador to Malaysia. Although he briefly returned to Korea
in 1966 to establish the International Tae Kwon Do Federation (ITF) Choi never
gained much political influence in Korea and finally moved the ITF headquarters
to Toronto, Canada, in 1972, the year that Kukkiwon was opened. Choi had done
much to spread Tae Kwon Do throughout the world whilst others were establishing
a stronghold at home. As a further indicator to the almost total loss of
influence of Choi in South Korea, Christopher Hill states in his 1992 book,
"Olympic Politics", with reference to the 30th September 1981 vote by
the IOC to decide on Seoul for the 1988 Olympics that "Kim Un-Yong dealt
decisively with the rumor that General Choi, a Korean émigré in Canada, would
stage an anti-Seoul demonstration, as some citizens of Nagoya had done, on
environmental grounds, against their own city's bid. Kim did not believe the rumor,
but he put five Taekwondo instructors on standby in case of trouble and there
was no incident".
The early 1970s was the foundation period of two internationally known Tae Kwon
Dos, one a traditional martial art and the other a progressive martial sport
with the Olympics as its primary goal. In 1970, Kim Un Yong, a shrewd
businessman and not a martial arts master, was elected as the new president of
the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association and was instrumental in changing the
direction of Tae Kwon Do from martial art to martial sport with an ultimate goal
of the Olympic Games. He is also one of Korea's representatives with the
International Olympic Committee (IOC). In 1972 an advanced training
establishment was built, called Kukkiwon, now the Mecca of participants in sport
Taekwondo. In May 1973 the first World Taekwondo championships were held at
Kukkiwon in Seoul with over 30 countries participating and as a result of the
international success of this event, the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) was
formed with Dr Kim Un Yong being elected foundation president. The WTF replaced
the KTA. Taekwondo, now one of the national sports of Korea, is included as part
of the school curriculum at all levels and as a requisite for military training.
Modern Taekwondo in Korea has progressed so much towards being a sport that its
ruling body in Korea, the WTF, comes under the control of the Korean Athletics
Association and not the martial arts body known as the Ki Do Hae.When Jigaro
Kano took aspects of the martial art Aikijujitsu and formed a safer sport form
for use by all people as a means towards better health and fitness, he adopted
the name "Judo" to describe the new sport. Taekwondo has not adopted
any name changes but it is important to realize that there are today, many
styles of the original martial art of Tae Kwon Do. Perhaps the only distinction
between the various styles being in the spelling, with the sport style
preferring to use a single word for Taekwondo. With the announcement that
Taekwondo will be a full medal Olympic sport as of the Sydney 2000 Olympics it
has completed its road from martial art to martial sport. There is really no
reason that Art and Sport can't co-exist under the same name if people are
educated as to its history.
References:
* Encyclopedia Britannica
* 'The Martial Arts Companion' John Corcoran 1992
* 'Moo Duk Kwan Tae Kwon Do' Richard Chun 1975
* 'A History of Korea' William E. Henthorn 1971
* 'Tae Kwon Do' General Choi Hong Hi 1972
* 'The SBS World Guide' Peter Krien 1992
* 'What is Karate' Masutatsu Oyama 1966
* 'Tae Kwon Do Hyung (vol2)' Hee Il Cho 1984
* 'Inside Tae Kwon Do' Dec 1992 edition
* 'Tae Kwon Do' Mark McCarthy 1984
* 'Official WTF TKD' David Mitchell, M.A. Comm of G.B.1986
* 'The Overlook M.A. Dictionary' Emil Farkas, John Corcoran 1983
* 'Olympic Politics' Christopher Hill 1991
* 'The way of the Warrior' Howard Reid, Michael Croucher 1983
* 'Modern Karate' Steve Arneil, Bryan Dowler 1974
* The Way of the Warrior Howard Reid & Michael Croucher 1983
* Modern Karate Steve Arneil & Bryan Dowler 1974
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